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The Role of Natural Disaster Museums as Training Centers in Discussions of Passive Defense. Mohammadi Chermahini A., Mardomi K. J. Civil Eng. Urban., 5(3): 123-130, 2015; pii:S225204301500021-5 Abstract Natural disasters, bring casualties and financial loss every year around the world. This issue of defense and disaster preparedness is seen as part of the meaning of passive defense. Although places like “Crisis Management Centers” has been greatly helpful in disaster preparedness for authorities, but it did not work in the field of general education. Increasing of disastrous events, blood and mayhem have produced a group of museums whose main purpose is the exhibition of such disasters and memorialisation of their victims. All disaster museums, it seems, based on their locations, aim at contributing to preventing disasters and informing about risks that threaten our global cultural heritage, both material and intangible. The key for museums is to draw the line between entertainment and education: in any case, between museum building forms and spaces. The main problem with these sites is that how and in what way these museums can be effective on disaster awareness in every society. The importance of this issue causes to build many of these buildings in disaster sites. With various programs, trying to inform people in this field. Research Methods In This paper, is “content analysis” and “case study”, and review of the documents and their content and criticise of architecture and specific programs of these buildings have been trying to get acceptable results in this study. Keywords: Natural Disasters, Museum, Education, Passive Defense, Natural Disaster Museum [Full text-PDF] منبع: [Hidden Content] J. Civil Eng. Urban., 5 (3) 123-130, 2015.pdf

Criteria of Passive Defensein Subway Stations Original Article, D46 Kameli M., Zarei S., Kalantari M., SoleimanNejad E. J. Civil Eng. Urban. 4(3): 298-304. 2014 ABSTRACT: Defense is an integrated concept, which includes both active and passive defenses. The effects of the war include heavy human and material losses and damages to cities that can be reduced by using passive defense measures and methods before the outbreak of the war. Metro (subway) trains, as one of the critical infrastructures, with a dual function can be considered as a settlement of refugees, and can be applied in times of crisis and threat. Observing safety and protection standards against natural and unnatural threats, gives a defensive approach to the subway buildings as their main feature. This paper provides a brief description about how to apply, benefit, and perform the methods of passive defense in metro stations as a secure underground area, considering the global experiences and investigates the basic and important components of the Metro, the types of threat and vulnerability, the economic justification and the functions of the metro stations with a descriptive-analytic approach, and then offers some considerations and solutions for the relevant passive defense. After achieving the technical criteria and applying them in the Architectural designing phase, in the event of a possible modern war (called the sixth generation of wars) the citizens' security will increase, and the defensive power and national security will enhance subsequently. Keywords: The Subway, Designing, Passive Defense, Threat, Architecture. منبع: [Hidden Content] دانلود: [Hidden Content].,%204%20(3)%20298-304,%202014.pdf J. Civil Eng. Urban., 4 (3) 298-304, 2014.pdf